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<title>Paskapoo Formation</title>

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Paskapoo Formation

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</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:24.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="border-style:solid; border-width: 2px 33px; border-color:rgb(253,167,95)">Paskapoo Formation</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="Geochronology" title="Geochronology">Stratigraphic range</a>: </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="Outcrop" title="Outcrop">Outcrop</a> of Paskapoo sandstone in <a href="Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Geological_formation" title="Geological formation">Geological formation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Underlies</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Tertiary_period" title="Tertiary period">Tertiary</a> <a href="Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a>, <a href="Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a> sediments, present erosional surface</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Overlies</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Scollard_Formation" title="Scollard Formation">Scollard Formation</a>, <a href="Coalspur_Formation" title="Coalspur Formation">Coalspur Formation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Thickness</th><td class="infobox-data">up to 600 metres (1,970 ft)<a href="#cite_note-lexicon-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-style:solid; border-width: 2px 33px; border-color:rgb(253,167,95)">Lithology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Primary</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Mudstone" title="Mudstone">mudstone</a>, <a href="Siltstone" title="Siltstone">siltstone</a>, <a href="Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Conglomerate_(geology)" title="Conglomerate (geology)">conglomerate</a>, <a href="Coal" title="Coal">coal</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-style:solid; border-width: 2px 33px; border-color:rgb(253,167,95)">Location</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">

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</style><a class="external text" href="geo:52.355031,-113.757797">52°21′18″N 113°45′28″W / 52.355031°N 113.757797°W / 52.355031; -113.757797 (Paskapoo)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">Canada</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-style:solid; border-width: 2px 33px; border-color:rgb(253,167,95)">Type section</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Named for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a>: paskapiw, <a href="Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'He is blind', from <a href="Blindman_River" title="Blindman River">Blindman River</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Named by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Joseph_Tyrrell" title="Joseph Tyrrell">J.B. Tyrrell</a>, 1887</td></tr></tbody></table>

The Paskapoo Formation is a <a href="Stratigraphic_unit" title="Stratigraphic unit">stratigraphic unit</a> of <a href="Paleocene" title="Paleocene">Middle to Late Paleocene</a> age in the <a href="Western_Canadian_Sedimentary_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin">Western Canada Sedimentary Basin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mossop24-2">[2]</a> The Paskapoo underlies much of southwestern <a href="Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Map600-3">[3]</a> and takes the name from the <a href="Blindman_River" title="Blindman River">Blindman River</a> (paskapiw means 'He is blind' in <a href="Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a>). It was first described from <a href="Outcrop" title="Outcrop">outcrops</a> along that river, near its confluence with the <a href="Red_Deer_River" title="Red Deer River">Red Deer River</a> north of the city of <a href="Red_Deer%2C_Alberta" title="Red Deer, Alberta">Red Deer</a>, by <a href="Joseph_Tyrrell" title="Joseph Tyrrell">Joseph Tyrrell</a> in 1887.<a href="#cite_note-Tyrrell-5">[5]</a> It is important for its freshwater <a href="Aquifers" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquifers">aquifers</a>, its <a href="Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> resources, and its <a href="Fossil_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil record">fossil record</a>, as well as having been the source of sandstone for the construction of fire-resistant buildings in <a href="Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a> during the early 1900s.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lithology_and_environment_of_deposition">Lithology and environment of deposition</h2></div>

The Paskapoo Formation is of fluvial origin and consists primarily of <a href="Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstones</a>, <a href="Siltstone" title="Siltstone">siltstones</a> and <a href="Mudstone" title="Mudstone">mudstones</a>, with lesser amounts of <a href="Conglomerate_(geology)" title="Conglomerate (geology)">pebble-conglomerate</a> and <a href="Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, and minor <a href="Bentonite" title="Bentonite">bentonite</a>. The sediments were derived from the <a href="Canadian_Cordillera" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Cordillera">Canadian Cordillera</a> during tectonic uplift and erosion in the late stages of the <a href="Laramide_Orogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Laramide Orogeny">Laramide Orogeny</a>. They were transported eastward by river systems and deposited in fluvial and <a href="Floodplain" title="Floodplain">floodplain</a> environments.<a href="#cite_note-Hamblin2004-6">[6]</a>

The sandstones were deposited in river channels. They are <a href="Cross-bedding" title="Cross-bedding">cross-bedded</a>, medium- to coarse-grained, and locally conglomeratic. The siltstones and mudstones represent <a href="Crevasse_splay" title="Crevasse splay">crevasse splay</a>, <a href="Overbank" title="Overbank">overbank</a> and shallow <a href="Pond" title="Pond">pond</a> environments. They include <a href="Paleobotany" title="Paleobotany">plant fossils</a>, rooted horizons and <a href="Paleosols" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleosols">paleosols</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hoffman1999-7">[7]</a> Carbonaceous mudstones and coaly beds that represent oxygen-poor, swampy settings are thin and discontinuous, but common. Thick coal seams that formed in well-developed <a href="Swamps" class="mw-redirect" title="Swamps">swamps</a> are present only in the youngest portion of the formation, which is preserved near <a href="Hinton%2C_Alberta" title="Hinton, Alberta">Hinton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hamblin2004-6">[6]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stratigraphy">Stratigraphy</h2></div>

Although some early workers included the underlying <a href="Scollard_Formation" title="Scollard Formation">Scollard Formation</a> as the lower part of the Paskapoo, the two are now treated separately.<a href="#cite_note-Hamblin2004-6">[6]</a> The base of the Paskapoo Formation, designated the Haynes Member, consists primarily of cliff-forming sandstones and pebble-conglomerates, interbedded with lesser amounts of siltstone and mudstone. In the overlying Lacombe Member, siltstones and mudstones are dominant, with interbeds of fine-grained sandstone, carbonaceous mudstones, paleosols, and thin coals. The Dalehurst Member at the top of the formation consists of the Obed coal zone.<a href="#cite_note-Demchuk1991-8">[8]</a> The Dalehurst strata are similar to those of the Lacombe Member, but the Dalehurst sequence includes up to six coal seams, with individual seams up to 5 metres (20 ft) thick.<a href="#cite_note-Mossop33-9">[9]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distribution">Distribution</h3></div>

The Paskapoo Formation underlies much of southwestern Alberta.<a href="#cite_note-Map600-3">[3]</a> It is thickest in the foothills of the <a href="Canadian_Rockies" title="Canadian Rockies">Canadian Rockies</a>, and thins eastward to the <a href="112th_meridian_west" title="112th meridian west">112th meridian west</a> in the plains. The formation is more than 750 metres (2,460 ft) thick in the foothills,<a href="#cite_note-Lerbekmo2008-10">[10]</a> and about 600 metres (1,970 ft) near Calgary.<a href="#cite_note-lexicon-1">[1]</a> It is assumed that it originally reached thicknesses as great as 1,000 metres (3,280 ft) in some areas prior to erosion.

The formation is exposed at the surface along a trend that extends from Calgary to west of <a href="Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a>. Good outcrops can be seen in the eastern reaches of the foothills, and along the <a href="Bow_River" title="Bow River">Bow River</a> in and around Calgary (for example at <a href="Paskapoo_Slopes" title="Paskapoo Slopes">Paskapoo Slopes</a>), the <a href="Red_Deer_River" title="Red Deer River">Red Deer River</a> near Red Deer, the <a href="North_Saskatchewan_River" title="North Saskatchewan River">North Saskatchewan River</a> west of Edmonton, and the <a href="Athabasca_River" title="Athabasca River">Athabasca River</a>. The Dalehurst Member is an erosional remnant and is confined to an area adjacent to the foothills near <a href="Hinton%2C_Alberta" title="Hinton, Alberta">Hinton</a> and <a href="Obed%2C_Alberta" title="Obed, Alberta">Obed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Demchuk1991-8">[8]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_to_other_units">Relationship to other units</h3></div>

The Paskapoo Formation underlies the present day erosional surface and it is exposed in outcrop in many areas. Cover, where present, consists of <a href="Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a> sediments or, on a few localized plateaus, of younger <a href="Tertiary_period" title="Tertiary period">Tertiary</a> gravels.<a href="#cite_note-Hamblin2004-6">[6]</a>

The Paskapoo rests on the <a href="Scollard_Formation" title="Scollard Formation">Scollard Formation</a> in the Alberta plains, and on the equivalent <a href="Coalspur_Formation" title="Coalspur Formation">Coalspur Formation</a> in the Alberta foothills.<a href="#cite_note-Table-11">[11]</a> The lower boundary has been defined as the erosional base of the first prominent sandstone above the Ardley coal zone of the Scollard Formation.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> It has been established that, in the type area near Red Deer, this erosional surface represents a hiatus of about 1–2 million years.<a href="#cite_note-Hamblin2004-6">[6]</a> In the foothills, the contact with the underlying Coalspur Formation is less distinctive but is again placed at the base of the first dominantly sandstone unit overlying a dominantly coal and mudstone unit.<a href="#cite_note-Lerbekmo2008-10">[10]</a>

The Paskapoo grades into the equivalent <a href="Porcupine_Hills_Formation" title="Porcupine Hills Formation">Porcupine Hills Formation</a> south of Calgary.<a href="#cite_note-Map600-3">[3]</a> It is correlated with upper part of the <a href="Ravenscrag_Formation" title="Ravenscrag Formation">Ravenscrag Formation</a> of southern <a href="Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> and the <a href="Fort_Union_Formation" title="Fort Union Formation">Fort Union Formation</a> of Montana and North Dakota, which are not contiguous with it but are of similar age.<a href="#cite_note-Mossop24-2">[2]</a>

The middle to late Paleocene age of the Paskapoo Formation is based primarily on Paskapoo mammal fossils, which indicate <a href="North_American_land_mammal_age" title="North American land mammal age">North American land mammal ages</a> of middle to late <a href="Tiffanian" title="Tiffanian">Tiffanian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fox1990-13">[13]</a> It is supported by detailed <a href="Palynology" title="Palynology">palynostratigraphic</a> and <a href="Magnetostratigraphy" title="Magnetostratigraphy">magnetostratigraphic</a> studies.<a href="#cite_note-Hamblin2004-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> It is equivalent to a <a href="Radiometric_dating" title="Radiometric dating">radiometric age</a> of approximately 62.5 to 58.5 million years.<a href="#cite_note-Hamblin2004-6">[6]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paleontology">Paleontology</h2></div>

The Paskapoo Formation contains remains of vertebrates,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> especially mammals, and plants. Material from the following groups of mammals has been reported from the Paskapoo Formation: <a href="Multituberculata" title="Multituberculata">Multituberculata</a>, <a href="Dermoptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Dermoptera">Dermoptera</a>, <a href="Primate" title="Primate">Primates</a>, <a href="Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora</a>, <a href="Condylarth" class="mw-redirect" title="Condylarth">Condylartha</a>, and <a href="Pantodonta" title="Pantodonta">Pantodonta</a>, as well as the small, possibly venomous mammal <a href="Bisonalveus" title="Bisonalveus">Bisonalveus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fox1990-13">[13]</a> The Paskapoo has also yielded articulated and fragmentary skeletons of freshwater fish, impressions of insect wings and larvae, and shells of freshwater molluscs.<a href="#cite_note-Hoffman1999-7">[7]</a> An unnamed species of the amphibian <a href="Albanerpeton" title="Albanerpeton">Albanerpeton</a> is known from the formation, which is the final record of <a href="Albanerpetontidae" title="Albanerpetontidae">albanerpetontids</a> from North America.<a href="#cite_note-:1-16">[16]</a>

<a href="Paleobotany" title="Paleobotany">Plant fossils</a> were first collected from the Paskapoo Formation by Tyrrell in 1886,<a href="#cite_note-Tyrrell-5">[5]</a> and since that time a wide variety have been described. These include specimens of the <a href="Fern" title="Fern">ferns</a> <a href="Azolla" title="Azolla">Azolla</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Hoffman1994-17">[17]</a> <a href="Onoclea" title="Onoclea">Onoclea</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Rothwell1991-18">[18]</a> and Speirseopteris;<a href="#cite_note-Stockey2006-19">[19]</a> the <a href="Conifer" title="Conifer">conifers</a> <a href="Metasequoia" title="Metasequoia">Metasequoia</a> (including <a href="Metasequoia_foxii" title="Metasequoia foxii">Metasequoia foxii</a>) and <a href="Glyptostrobus" title="Glyptostrobus">Glyptostrobus</a>; and the dicots Palaeocarpinus<a href="#cite_note-Sun1992-20">[20]</a> (a member of the <a href="Betulaceae" title="Betulaceae">birch family</a>), <a href="Cercidiphyllum" title="Cercidiphyllum">Cercidiphyllum</a> (including Joffrea<a href="#cite_note-Crane1985-21">[21]</a>), <a href="Platanus" title="Platanus">Platanus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Pigg1991-22">[22]</a> and Beringiaphyllum<a href="#cite_note-Manchester1999-23">[23]</a> (a relative of <a href="Cornales" title="Cornales">dogwoods</a>).

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resources">Resources</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Building_stone">Building stone</h3></div>

During the early 1900s, outcrops of Paskapoo sandstone in the Calgary area were quarried for building stone due to the requirement for fire-resistant buildings following the <a href="Calgary_Fire_of_1886" title="Calgary Fire of 1886">Calgary Fire of 1886</a>. Many of Calgary's early landmark buildings, such as <a href="Lougheed_House" title="Lougheed House">Lougheed House</a>, <a href="Burns_Manor" title="Burns Manor">Burns Manor</a>, and some of the buildings along <a href="Stephen_Avenue" title="Stephen Avenue">Stephen Avenue</a>, were built using Paskapoo sandstone, and Calgary became known as the Sandstone City.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Paskapoo sandstone is still used in <a href="Landscaping" title="Landscaping">landscaping</a> in the Calgary area as of 2025.

Coal has been mined from the Obed coal zone in the Paskapoo Formation near Hinton. It is of high-volatile <a href="Bituminous" class="mw-redirect" title="Bituminous">bituminous</a> rank with a low sulphur content, and it was shipped to markets in eastern Canada and the Pacific Rim.<a href="#cite_note-Mossop33-9">[9]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Groundwater">Groundwater</h3></div>

Paskapoo Formation <a href="Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifers</a> are a very important source of water for <a href="Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> and <a href="Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking</a> in southwestern Alberta.<a href="#cite_note-Hamblin2004-6">[6]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-lexicon-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lexicon_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lexicon_1-1">b</a> Glass, D.J. (editor) 1997. Lexicon of Canadian Stratigraphy, vol. 4, Western Canada including eastern British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan and southern Manitoba. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Calgary, 1423 p. on CD-ROM. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">

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</style><a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-920230-23-7</bdi>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Mossop24-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mossop24_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mossop24_2-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFMossop,_G.D._and_Shetsen,_I._(compilers),_Canadian_Society_of_Petroleum_Geologists1994" class="citation web cs1">Mossop, G.D. and Shetsen, I. (compilers), Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160701131122/http://ags.aer.ca/reports/atlas-of-the-western-canada-sedimentary-basin.htm">"The Geological Atlas of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, Chapter 24: Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary strata of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ags.aer.ca/reports/atlas-of-the-western-canada-sedimentary-basin.htm">the original</a> on 2016-07-01. Retrieved 2016-06-20.</cite><code class="cs1-code">{{cite web}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

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<li id="cite_note-Map600-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Map600_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Map600_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Map600_3-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFPrior,_G._J.,_Hathaway,_B.,_Glombick,_P.M.,_Pana,_D.I.,_Banks,_C.J.,_Hay,_D.C.,_Schneider,_C.L.,_Grobe,_M.,_Elgr,_R.,_and_Weiss,_J.A.2013" class="citation web cs1">Prior, G. J., Hathaway, B., Glombick, P.M., Pana, D.I., Banks, C.J., Hay, D.C., Schneider, C.L., Grobe, M., Elgr, R., and Weiss, J.A. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160626164710/http://ags.aer.ca/data-maps-models/maps.htm">"Bedrock Geology of Alberta. Alberta Geological Survey, Map 600"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ags.aer.ca/data-maps-models/maps.htm">the original</a> on 2016-06-26. Retrieved 2016-06-20.</cite><code class="cs1-code">{{cite web}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.creedictionary.com/search/index.php?q=paskapiw&scope=1&cwr=18074">"Search results"</a>. www.creedictionary.com. Retrieved 2023-01-11.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Tyrrell-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tyrrell_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tyrrell_5-1">b</a> Tyrrell, J.B., 1887. Report on a part of northern Alberta and portions of adjacent Districts of Assiniboia and Saskatchewan; <a href="Geological_Survey_of_Canada" title="Geological Survey of Canada">Geological Survey of Canada</a>, Annual Report 1886, v.11, Part E, p.1-176

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<li id="cite_note-Hamblin2004-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hamblin2004_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamblin2004_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamblin2004_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamblin2004_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamblin2004_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamblin2004_6-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamblin2004_6-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamblin2004_6-7">h</a> <cite id="CITEREFHamblin,_A.P.2004" class="citation web cs1">Hamblin, A.P. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geoscan.ess.nrcan.gc.ca/cgi-bin/starfinder/0?path=geoscan.fl&id=fastlink&pass=&format=FLSHORTORG&search=R=215631">"Paskapoo-Porcupine Hills Formation in western Alberta: Synthesis of regional geology and resource potential. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 4679"</a>. Retrieved 2013-08-01.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Hoffman1999-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hoffman1999_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoffman1999_7-1">b</a> Hoffman, G.L. and Stockey, R.A., 1999. Geological setting and paleobotany of the Joffre Bridge Roadcut fossil locality (Late Paleocene), Red Deer Valley, Alberta. Canadian Journal of Earth Science, 36: 2073-2084.

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<li id="cite_note-Demchuk1991-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Demchuk1991_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Demchuk1991_8-1">b</a> Demchuk, T.D. and Hills, L.V., 1991. A re-examination of the Paskapoo Formation in the central Alberta Plains: the designation of three new members. Canadian Journal of Earth Science 27: 1263-1269.

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<li id="cite_note-Mossop33-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mossop33_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mossop33_9-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFMossop,_G.D._and_Shetsen,_I._(compilers),_Canadian_Society_of_Petroleum_Geologists1994" class="citation web cs1">Mossop, G.D. and Shetsen, I. (compilers), Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160701131122/http://ags.aer.ca/reports/atlas-of-the-western-canada-sedimentary-basin.htm">"The Geological Atlas of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, Chapter 33: Coal Resources of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ags.aer.ca/reports/atlas-of-the-western-canada-sedimentary-basin.htm">the original</a> on 2016-07-01. Retrieved 2016-06-20.</cite><code class="cs1-code">{{cite web}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

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<li id="cite_note-Lerbekmo2008-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lerbekmo2008_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lerbekmo2008_10-1">b</a> Lerbekmo, J.F. and Sweet, A.R., 2008. Magnetobiostratigraphy of the continental Paleocene upper Coalspur and Paskapoo formations near Hinton, Alberta. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology 56: 118-146.

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<li id="cite_note-Table-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Table_11-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAlberta_Geological_Survey,_2013." class="citation web cs1">Alberta Geological Survey, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ags.aer.ca/activities/table-of-formation.htm">"Alberta Table of Formations; Alberta Energy Regulator"</a>. Retrieved 2016-06-20.</cite><code class="cs1-code">{{cite web}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

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<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAlberta_Geological_Survey" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Alberta_Geological_Survey" title="Alberta Geological Survey">Alberta Geological Survey</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ags.gov.ab.ca/energy/buck_lake/scollard_formation.html">"Scollard & Paskapoo Formations"</a>. Retrieved 2009-05-30.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Fox1990-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fox1990_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fox1990_13-1">b</a> Fox, R.C., 1990. The succession of Paleocene mammals in western Canada. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 243, pp. 51-70.

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<li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Lerbekmo, J.F., Demchuk, T.D., Evans, M.E. and Hoye, G.S., 1992. Magnetostratigraphy and biostratigraphy of the continental Paleocene of the Red Deer Valley, Alberta, Canada. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 40: 24-35.

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<li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFVertebrate_track_sites_of_Canada" class="citation web cs1">Vertebrate track sites of Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canadatracks.com/Vertebratre%20Tracksites%20of%20Canada/Western%20Canada/Paskapoo%20Formation/Paskapoo%20Formatoin.htm">"Paskapoo Formation"</a>. Retrieved 2009-05-30.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-:1-16"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFoxNaylor1982" class="citation journal cs1">Fox, Richard C.; Naylor, Bruce G. (1982-01-01). "A reconsideration of the relationships of the fossil amphibian Albanerpeton". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 19 (1): 118–128. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982CaJES..19..118F">1982CaJES..19..118F</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fe82-009">10.1139/e82-009</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-4077">0008-4077</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Hoffman1994-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Hoffman1994_17-0">^</a> Hoffman, G.L. and Stockey, R.A., 1994. Sporophytes, megaspores and massulae of Azolla stanleyi from the Paleocene Joffre Bridge locality, Canada. Canadian Journal of Botany, 72: 301-308.

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<li id="cite_note-Rothwell1991-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Rothwell1991_18-0">^</a> Rothwell, G.W. and Stockey, R.A., 1991. Onoclea sensibilis in the Paleocene of North America, a dramatic example of structural and ecological stasis. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 70: 113–124.

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<li id="cite_note-Stockey2006-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Stockey2006_19-0">^</a> Stockey R.A., Lantz, T.C. and Rothwell, G.W. 2006. Speirseopteris orbiculata (Thelypteridaceae), a derived fossil filicalean from the Paleocene of western North America. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 167: 729–736.

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<li id="cite_note-Sun1992-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Sun1992_20-0">^</a> Sun, F. and Stockey, R.A., 1992. A new species of Palaeocarpinus (Betulaceae) from the Paleocene of Alberta, Canada. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 153: 136–146.

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<li id="cite_note-Crane1985-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Crane1985_21-0">^</a> Crane, P.R., and Stockey, R.A. 1985. Growth and reproductive biology of Joffrea speirsii, a Cercidiphyllum-like plant from the Late Paleocene of Alberta, Canada. Canadian Journal of Botany, 63: 340–364.

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<li id="cite_note-Pigg1991-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Pigg1991_22-0">^</a> Pigg, K.B. and Stockey, R.A., 1991. Platanaceous plants from the Paleocene of Alberta. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 70:125-146.

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<li id="cite_note-Manchester1999-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Manchester1999_23-0">^</a> Manchester, S.R., Crane, P.R. and Golovneva, L.B., 1999. An extinct genus with affinities to extant Davidia and Camptotheca (Cornales) from the Paleocene of North America and eastern Asia. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 160: 188–207.

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<li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110813194522/http://thegauntlet.ca/story/8857">"The Sandstone City"</a>. 2002-11-21. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thegauntlet.ca/story/8857">the original</a> on August 13, 2011. Retrieved 2013-08-04.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div>

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</style><div id="Western_Canada_Sedimentary_Basin364" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Western_Canada_Sedimentary_Basin" title="Western Canada Sedimentary Basin">Western Canada Sedimentary Basin</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_Canada" title="History of the petroleum industry in Canada">Hydrocarbon history</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_Canada_(oil_sands_and_heavy_oil)" title="History of the petroleum industry in Canada (oil sands and heavy oil)">Oil sands and heavy oil</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_Canada_(frontier_exploration_and_development)" title="History of the petroleum industry in Canada (frontier exploration and development)">Frontier exploration and development</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_Canada_(natural_gas_liquids)" title="History of the petroleum industry in Canada (natural gas liquids)">Natural gas liquids</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_Canada_(natural_gas)" title="History of the petroleum industry in Canada (natural gas)">Natural gas</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Depositional regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Southern_Alberta" title="Southern Alberta">Southern Alberta</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_Alberta" title="Central Alberta">Central Alberta</a></li>

<li>Northwestern Alberta Plains</li>

<li>South-central <a href="Canadian_Rockies" title="Canadian Rockies">Canadian Rockies</a> foothills</li>

<li>North-east Plains</li>

<li>North-central foothills</li>

<li><a href="Liard_River" title="Liard River">Liard River</a></li>

<li><a href="Fort_Nelson%2C_British_Columbia" title="Fort Nelson, British Columbia">Fort Nelson</a></li>

<li><a href="Northern_Rocky_Mountains" title="Northern Rocky Mountains">Northern Rocky Mountains</a></li>

<li><a href="Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li>

<li>Western <a href="Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Central_Alberta" title="Central Alberta">Central Alberta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="Scollard_Formation" title="Scollard Formation">Scollard FM</a></li>

<li><a href="Edmonton_Group" title="Edmonton Group">Edmonton GRP</a>

<ul><li><a href="Battle_Formation" title="Battle Formation">Battle FM</a></li>

<li><a href="Whitemud_Member" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitemud Member">Whitemud MBR</a></li>

<li><a href="Horseshoe_Canyon_Formation" title="Horseshoe Canyon Formation">Horseshoe Canyon FM</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bearpaw_Formation" title="Bearpaw Formation">Bearpaw FM</a></li>

<li><a href="Belly_River_Group" title="Belly River Group">Belly River GRP</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ribstone_Creek_Member" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribstone Creek Member">Ribstone Creek MBR</a></li>

<li><a href="Victoria_Member" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria Member">Victoria MBR</a></li>

<li><a href="Brosseau_Member" class="mw-redirect" title="Brosseau Member">Brosseau MBR</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Colorado_Group" title="Colorado Group">Colorado GRP</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cardium_Formation" title="Cardium Formation">Cardium FM</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mannville_Group" title="Mannville Group">Mannville GRP</a>

<ul><li><a href="Glauconitic_Sandstone" title="Glauconitic Sandstone">Glauconitic Sandstone</a></li>

<li><a href="Ostracod_Beds" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostracod Beds">Ostracod Beds</a></li>

<li><a href="Sunburst_Member" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunburst Member">Sunburst Member</a></li>

<li><a href="Taber_Member" class="mw-redirect" title="Taber Member">Taber Member</a></li>

<li><a href="Detrital_Beds" class="mw-redirect" title="Detrital Beds">Detrital Beds</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Fernie_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Fernie Group">Fernie GRP</a>

<ul><li><a href="Rock_Creek_Member" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock Creek Member">Rock Creek MBR</a></li>

<li><a href="Nordegg_Member" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordegg Member">Nordegg MBR</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Rundle_Group" title="Rundle Group">Rundle GRP</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mount_Head_Formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Head Formation">Mount Head FM</a></li>

<li><a href="Elkton_Member" class="mw-redirect" title="Elkton Member">Elkton MBR</a></li>

<li><a href="Shunda_Formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Shunda Formation">Shunda FM</a></li>

<li><a href="Pekisko_Formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pekisko Formation">Pekisko FM</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Banff_Formation" title="Banff Formation">Banff FM</a></li>

<li><a href="Exshaw_Formation" title="Exshaw Formation">Exshaw FM</a></li>

<li><a href="Canadian_Shield" title="Canadian Shield">Canadian Shield</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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